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"Nauchnoe Priborostroenie", 2019, Vol. 29, no. 3. ISSN 2312-2951, DOI: 10.18358/np-29-3-17924b

"NP" 2019 year Vol. 29 no. 3.,   ABSTRACTS

ABSTRACTS, REFERENCES

Ya. A. Fofanov1, I. M. Sokolov1,2, I. V. Pleshakov2,3, V. V. Manoilov1,
I. V. Zarutskiy1, A. S. Kuraptsev2, B. V. Bardin1

THE PRECISION LASER METHODS DEVELOPMENT FOR QUANTITATIVE
POLARIZATION-OPTICAL ANALYSIS OF CONDENSED MATTER
(OVERVIEW)

"Nauchnoe priborostroenie", 2019, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 3—19.
doi: 10.18358/np-29-3-i319
 

This overview presents the results of studies carried out in the IAP RAS aimed at further development of laser methods of quantitative polarization-optical analysis of condensed matter [1—4]. The main attention is paid to the research of the polarization-optical characteristics of magnetic nanofluids in a wide range of concentrations. Experimental data obtained for nanofluids based on magnetite in kerosene show that the developed approaches and their experimental implementation are able to provide a very high sensitivity, which allows to perform experiments with magnetic nanofluids in terms of very significant dilution. T he highest dilution in which polarization responses were reliably recorded corresponds to the concentration of the solid (magnetic) phase 10—6. The obtained data also indicate a common generation process for magneto—optical responses in the studied concentration range [5].
In the theoretical part of the overview, comparative studies of the polarization properties of diluted magnetic nanofluids and ensembles of point-like scatters are described.To describe the interaction of laser radiation with resonant ensembles, a microscopic approach has been developed. This approache is based on solution of the Schrödinger equation for a joined system consisting of atomic ensemble and electromagnetic field. The developed approach is used to analyze the nature of the scattering of light by ensembles of impurity centers implanted into thin films of a dielectric[6—29].
It is established that the hypothesis of similarity of polarization responses of magnetic nanofluids in terms of decrease of the magnetic phase concentration by several orders is confirmed by the statistical criterion of the Student t-test. By the F-test criterion the calculated regression coefficients at polynomial approximation are statistically significant, and the regression errors are minimal for the 4th degree polynomials [30—41].
An approximation of the polarization responses by analytical dependences obtained on the model of orientation ordering of magnetic particles in an external magnetic field is described. The analytical approximation was performed by the least squares method by varying two dimensionless parameters, one of which is proportional to the volume concentration of magnetic nanoparticles and does not depend on the field, and the second is proportional to the interaction energy of particles with an external magnetic field and does not depend on concentration. The data obtained in the process of approximation indicate the correct choice of the physical model and the following approximating (analytical) dependence. In this case, the values of dimensionless parameters set by the method of analytical approximation give the numerical values of the relationships between the physical parameters of the studied magnetic system and their interaction with the observed polarization responses.
The precision methods of laser polarization-optical analysis developed in the considered works together with the performed statistical analysis of the obtained data form the basis of polarization-optical nanodiagnosis (quantitative characterization) of magnetic nanofluids.
The developed approaches make it also possible to compare the polarization magneto-optical characteristics of systems of different nature and composition. This, in turn, opens up prospects for a broader, informational approach to the further development and application of highly sensitive laser polarization-optical analysis methods for comparative studies of magnetic nanofluids and other ordered substances, materials and systems [42—43].
 

Keywords: laser, polarization-optical analysis, magnetic nanofluids, optoelectronics, magneto-optics, testing of statistical hypotheses, laser polarization-optical nanodiagnostics

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the measuring unit.
L – laser; M – modulator; S – sample; C, C – two-section solenoid; A – analyzer; PD – photodetector; R – control and registration unit

Fig. 2. The normalized response value depending on the square of the magnetic field for different concentrations of n.
1 – n = 1 %, 2 – n = 0.2 %, 3 – n = 0.04 %, 4 – n = 0.01 %, 5 – n = 0.003 %, 6 – n = 0.001 %.
On the insert: dependence of the coefficient a on the concentration

Fig. 3. The dependence of the reflection coefficient on the optical thickness of the flat layer.
1 – s-polarization; 2 – p-polarization; 3, 4 – asymptotes. n = 0.05, Δ = 0, Θ = 17.5o

Fig. 4. Graphs of probability density functions of deviations of experimental data from the average polynomial for measurements in experiments 1—6

Fig. 5. The results of calculating the estimates of the variance of deviations from polynomials of various degrees for experiments 1—6

Table 1. Values of concentration and coefficients of quadratic dependence for each experiment

Table 2. Correlation coefficients between the responses y and the values of the magnetic field H for experiments 1—9

Table 3. The values of the statistics t for the coefficients of correlation of experiments 1—9 for approximating polynomials of various degrees

Table 4. The values of critical levels of Fisher distribution for 0.05 significance level for polynomials of various degrees

Authors affiliations:

1 Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
2 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
3 The Ioffe Institute, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

 
Contacts: Fofanov Yakov Andreevich, yakinvest@yandex.ru
Article received by the editorial office on 30.04.2019
Full text (In Russ.) >>

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N. N. Shevchenko1, R. Sh. Abiev2,3, S. D. Svetlov2, A. V. Anufriev2,
Yu. P. Prokofieva2, V. A. Baigildin4

STABLE EMULSIONS FORMATION BY THE DROP
MICROFLUIDICS METHOD

"Nauchnoe priborostroenie", 2019, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 20—29.
doi: 10.18358/np-29-3-i2029
 

In the past two decades, new designs of microdevices have been searched, including for the production of microspheres with a diameter of 30 to 600 μm. The paper shows that the main material for designing chips of microfluidic devices is polydimethylsiloxane, this determines the choice of monomers, on the basis of which microspheres can be obtained, and also describes the main advantages and disadvantages of polydimethylsiloxane. The work demonstrated the possibility of creating a microfluidic device based on a brass chip with different channel geometry (180° and 120° angles). The regularities of its performance are examined and the conditions that make it possible to obtain stable spherical droplets of the emulsion: the flow rates of the internal phase (cyclohexane) and the dispersing phase (water), the concentration and nature of surface-active compounds (sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyethyleneglycol) are examined. It was shown that only with the use of a surfactant: SDS with a concentration of 50 CMC and polyethylenglycol (with a molecular weight of 40 000) with a concentration of 102 g/L, stable spherical droplets of a 250 μm cyclohexane / water emulsion are formed.
 

Keywords: microfluidic device, brass chip, microemulsions, spherical microcapsules

Fig. 1. Scheme of direct-flow microfluidic device for generating drops of cyclohexane/water emulsions (a) and determining the wetting angle of the brass chip (á)

Fig. 2. Optical microscopy of droplets of cyclohexane emulsion in water.
As the stabilizer ionic SDS (concentration of 5 CMC) is used. The flow rate of the aqueous dispersing phase is 10 ml/h; internal phase (of cyclohexane): 0.2 ml/h (a), 0.4 ml/h (á), 0.6 ml/h (â), 0.8 ml/h (ã). The orientation of the channels in the microchip – 120°

Fig. 3. Optical microscopy of the emulsion droplets of cyclohexane in water (the same conditions as in Fig. 2). The flow rate of the aqueous dispersing phase – 15 ml/h, internal phase (of cyclohexane) – 0.1 ml/h

Fig. 4. The dependence of the drop shape of cyclohexane emulsion on the cyclohexane flow rate (according to the results of optical microscopy of droplets of cyclohexane emulsion in water Fig. 2, 3). The concentration of SDS – 5 CMC

Fig. 5. Optical microscopy of droplets of cyclohexane emulsion in water. As the stabilizer ionic SDS with a concentration of 25 CMC is used. The flow rate of the aqueous dispersing phase: 5 ml/h (a, á), 10 ml/h (â, ã). The flow rate of the internal phase (of cyclohexane): 0.2 ml/h (a, â) and 0.6 ml/h (á, ã). The orientation of the channels in the microchip – 120°

Fig. 6. Optical microscopy of cyclohexane emulsion droplets in water. As the stabilizer ionogenic SDS (concentration of 50 CMC) is used. The flow rate of aqueous dispersing phase – 4 ml/h. Flow rate of the internal phase (of cyclohexane) – 0.1 ml/h. The orientation of the channels in the microchip – 180°

Fig. 7. Optical microscopy of droplets of cyclohexane emulsion in water. As the stabilizer a PEG polymer stabilizer (molecular weight 20 000) with a concentration of 1·102 mol / L is used. The flow rate of the aqueous dispersing phase: 5 ml/h (a, á), 10 ml/h (â, ã). The flow rate of the internal phase (cyclohexane): 0.2 ml/h (a, â) and 0.6 ml/h (á, ã). The orientation of the channels in the microchip – 120°

Fig. 8. Optical microscopy of cyclohexane emulsion droplets in water. As a stabilizer a PEG polymer stabilizer (molecular weight 40 000) with a concentration of 1·102 mol/L is used (a, á). The flow rate of the aqueous dispersing phase: 5 ml/h (a) and 10 ml/h (á). The flow rate of internal phase (of cyclohexane) – 0.4 ml/h (a) and 0.6 ml/h (á). The orientation of the channels in the microchip – 120°

Authors affiliations:

1Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
2Saint-Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University), Saint-Petersburg, Russia
3Institute of Silicate Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
4Saint-Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

 
Contacts: Shevchenko Natal'ya Nikolaevna, natali.shevchenko29@gmail.com
Article received by the editorial office on 25.06.2019
Full text (In Russ.) >>

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B. P. Sharfarets

ABOUT ENERGY DISSIPATION IN THE ELECTROOSMOTIC
PROCESS

"Nauchnoe Priborostroenie", 2019, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 30—40.
doi: 10.18358/np-29-3-i3040
 

The issues of dissipation and power balance in a stationary electroosmotic process in a cylindrical capillary filled with a liquid, to which electrodes with a constant potential difference are applied, are considered.
The processes of dissipation under the influence of viscous friction and the release of Joule heat are studied. The dissipative function is considered for stationary electroosmotic flow of a viscous incompressible fluid and a homogeneous compressible viscous fluid. Then the dependences for the flows in the capillary are formulated. Simple, sufficiently accurate expressions are obtained that allow one to easily estimate the influence of the process parameters on the energy dissipation. The analysis will allow to optimize the design of a new type of electrokinetic transducer.
 

Keywords: electrokinetic phenomena, electroosmosis, dissipative function, viscous friction, Joule heat, energy balance, overvoltage

Fig. 1. The graph of the function Ψ1(a/λD). Axis x – a/λD, axis y – Ψ1

Fig. 2. Graph of the residual function Δ1(a/λD) on a large scale. Axis x – a/λD, axis y – Δ1

Fig. 3. Graph of the residual function Δ1(a/λD) on a small scale. Axis x – a/λD, axis y – Δ1

Fig. 4. The graph of the function Ψ2(a/λD). Axis x – a/λD, axis y – Ψ2

Fig. 5. Graph of the residual function Δ2(a/λD). Axis x – a/λD, axis y – Δ2

Table. Values of ion mobility and diffusion coefficient [13, p. 145]

Author affiliation:

Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

 
Contacts: Sharfarets Boris Pinkusovich, sharb@mail.ru
Article received by the editorial office on 26.03.2019
Full text (In Russ.) >>

REFERENCES

  1. Sergeev V.A., Sharfarets B.P. [About one new method of electroacoustic transformation. A theory based on electrokinetic phenomena. Part I. The hydrodynamic aspect]. Nauchnoe Priborostroenie [Scientific Instrumentation], 2018, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 25—35. DOI: 10.18358/np-28-2-i2535 (In Russ.).
  2. Sergeev V.A., Sharfarets B.P. [About one new method of electroacoustic transformation. A theory based on electrokinetic phenomena. Part II. The acoustic aspect]. Nauchnoe Priborostroenie [Scientific Instrumentation], 2018, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 36—44. DOI: 10.18358/np-28-2-i3644 (In Russ.).
  3. Sharfarets B.P. [Application of the system of electrohydrodynamics equations for mathematical modeling of a new method of electro-acoustic transformation]. Nauchnoe Priborostroenie [Scientific Instrumentation], 2018, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 127—134. DOI: 10.18358/np-28-4-i127134 (In Russ.).
  4. Kurochkin V.E., Sergeev V.A., Sharfarets B.P. Gulyaev Yu.V. [Theoretical justification of a new method of electro-acoustic transformation. Linear approach]. Doklady Akademii Nauk [Reports of Academy of Sciences], 2018, vol. 483, no. 3, pp. 260—264.
  5. Sharfarets B.P. [System electrohydrodynamics equations applied to electroosmotic processes]. Nauchnoe Priborostroenie [Scientific Instrumentation], 2019, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 135—142. DOI: 10.18358/np-29-1-i135142 (In Russ.).
  6. Sharfarets B.P., Lebedev G.A., Pihov D.S., Sergeev V.A., Setin A.I.. [Acoustic converter designed on the basis of use of electrokinetic phenomena]. Morskie intellektual'nye tekhnologii [Marine intelligent technologies], 2019, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 147—152. (In Russ.).
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N. A. Gryaznov, D. A. Goryachkin, E. N. Sosnov, V. V. Charlamov

ADJUSTMENT OF OPTICAL PATHS DIFFERENCE
IN MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER

"Nauchnoe Priborostroenie", 2019, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 41—46.
doi: 10.18358/np-29-3-i4146
 

In some applications of a Michelson interferometer, in the case of a large spectral width of radiation, in particular, the high contrast of the interference pattern is obtained if only the optical paths difference between interferometer branches is minimal. The proposed paper demonstrates experimentally the technique of decreasing the optical paths difference up to the level of several microns by using the sequence of light sources with different coherence lengths. The possibility is discussed of using the Michelson interferometer as a compound resonator mirror with the controllable reflection for generation of ultra short laser pulses.
 

Keywords: Michelson interferometer, the optical paths difference, interferogram, spectral width of radiation

Fig. 1. The alignment scheme of the Michelson interferometer arm lengths. Ç1, Ç2 – mirrors; DM – 50% beam splitter; ÝOM – an electro-optical modulator consisting of two RTP crystals; K1 – glass compensator; K2 – glass plate-compensator; AÏ – analyzer of beam intensity distribution; ËÔ – a lens; PÏ – light beam expander; Ë1… Ë4 – radiation sources

Fig. 2. The appearance of the Michelson interferometer. 1 – mirror Ç1, 2 – compensator ê2, 3 – ÝOM, 4 – beam splitter CÄ, 5 – compensator K1, 6 – mirror Ç2

Fig. 3. The alignment of the optical path in the light of a He-Ne laser

Fig. 4. The alignment of the optical path in the light of the green laser DTL-313

Fig. 5. The alignment of the optical path in the light of the TechAdvanced laser of 1.053 µm

Fig. 6. The zero field of the Michelson interferometer with the aligned differences of the optical paths

Authors affiliation:

Russian State Scientific Center for Robotics and Technical Cybernetics (RTC), Saint-Petersburg, Russia

 
Contacts: Goryachkin Dmiytiy Alekseevitch, d.goryachkin@rtc.ru
Article received by the editorial office on 05.07.2019
Full text (In Russ.) >>

REFERENCES

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  3. Gryaznov N.A., Sosnov E.N. [Compact high-performance picosecond laser for equipping mobile robotic systems of engineering services]. Trudy mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-tekhnicheskoj konferencii "Ekstremal'naya robototekhnika" [Proceedings of the international scientific and technological conference "Extreme robotics"]. Saint-Petersburg, Politekhnika-servis Publ., 2014. 416 p. (In Russ.).
  4. Gryaznov N.A., Sosnov E.N., Goryachkin D.A., Nikitina V.M., Rodionov A.Yu. [Active phase mode synchronization in a resonator with a controlled Michelson interferometer]. Opticheskii zhurnal [Journal of Optical Technology], 2019, vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 3—10. (In Russ.).
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B. P. Sharfarets

ABOUT ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWERS
IN ELECTROOSMOTIC CONVERTER OF A NEW TYPE

"Nauchnoe Priborostroenie", 2019, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 47—50.
doi: 10.18358/np-29-3-i4750
 

The paper considers the energy balance in an electroacoustic converter of a new type, gives expressions of power for instantaneous and average for the period oscillations of the values of conduction and displacement currents. It is shown that the only source of energy in the electroacoustic conversion under consideration is the conduction current with a non-zero average power. A rather trivial conclusion is made about the obligatory presence of ions in the working fluid of an electroacoustic transducer. It is shown that the average power of the conduction current in the specified converter is close to or equal to zero. This happens either due to the fulfillment of the conditions of applicability of the electrohydrodynamic equations, or due to the phase difference between the oscillations of the displacement current density and the electric vector, or for both reasons at the same time. The obtained results can be claimed in the design of emitters of a new type.
 

Keywords: electroosmotic acoustic transducer, electrical conductivity, electrohydrodynamic system of equations, power conduction, bias current power

Author affiliation:

Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

 
Contacts: Sharfarets Boris Pinkusovich, sharb@mail.ru
Article received by the editorial office on 08.07.2019
Full text (In Russ.) >>

REFERENCES

  1. Sergeev V.A., Sharfarets B.P. [About one new method of electroacoustic transformation. A theory based on electrokinetic phenomena. Part I. The hydrodynamic aspect]. Nauchnoe Priborostroenie [Scientific Instrumentation], 2018, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 25—35. DOI: 10.18358/np-28-2-i2535 (In Russ.).
  2. Sergeev V.A., Sharfarets B.P. [About one new method of electroacoustic transformation. A theory based on electrokinetic phenomena. Part II. The acoustic aspect]. Nauchnoe Priborostroenie [Scientific Instrumentation], 2018, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 36—44. DOI: 10.18358/np-28-2-i3644 (In Russ.).
  3. Kurochkin V.E., Sergeev V.A., Sharfarets B.P., Gulyayev Yu. V. [Theoretical argumentation of the new method of electro-acoustic conversion. Linear Approximation]. Doklady Akademii nauk [Reports of Academy of sciences], 2018, vol. 483, no. 3, pp. 260—264. (In Russ.).
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  6. Bruus H. Theoretical microfluidics. Oxford University Press, 2008. 346 p.
  7. Sharfarets B.P. [System electrohydrodynamics equations applied to electroosmotic processes]. Nauchnoe Priborostroenie [Scientific Instrumentation], 2019, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 135—142. DOI: 10.18358/np-29-1-i135142 (In Russ.).
  8. Sharfarets B.P. [Application of the system of electrohydrodynamics equations for mathematical modeling of a new method of electro-acoustic transformation]. Nauchnoe Priborostroenie [Scientific Instrumentation], 2018, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 127—134. DOI: 10.18358/np-28-4-i127134 (In Russ.).
 

Yu. A. Kalambet

OPTIMIZATION OF PARAMETERS OF LINEAR
SMOOTHING APPLIED TO CHROMATOGRAPHIC PEAKS

"Nauchnoe Priborostroenie", 2019, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 51—62.
doi: 10.18358/np-29-3-i5162
 

This paper presents an analysis of the errors in integrating chromatographic peaks in the case of using linear methods of smoothing a signal with non-negative weights and additive uncorrelated noise. Smoothing methods based on a moving weighted average are analyzed: arithmetic moving average, Savitsky-Golay method, exponentially weighted moving average, multiple smoothing, Gaussian smoothing, median smoothing.
Criteria for optimizing the chromatographic peak smoothing procedure are considered. It is stated that the parameters of the peak can be divided into two groups: basic and validation. There are three basic parameters: retention, area and height.
It is shown that there is an optimal linear filter that minimizes the relative error in calculating the height and peak area. In the case of a Gaussian peak and a Gaussian filter, the optimal smoothing results are obtained when the width of the Gaussian filter is equal to the width of the Gaussian of the original peak, regardless of the noise level.
 

Keywords: smoothing, noise filtering, optimal filter, linear filter

Fig 1. Weights of moving weighted average points for several popular smoothing options

Fig 2. The baseline is going through the fixed boundary points of a peak. A solid line indicates the trapezoid area below the baseline. The dotted line represents the rectangle area, equal in size. B1 is the ordinate of the start point of the peak, B2 – of the end of the peak. N – number of points per peak

Fig 3. Dependence of the relative random error of the area and height on the peak broadening, concurrent to smoothing, when smoothing a Gaussian by a Gaussian filter

Fig 4. An illustration of systemic distortion of the shape of the peak during smoothing. The original Gaussian without noise (solid line); Gaussian, to which the optimal Gaussian filter is applied (dashed line); the Savitsky–Golay filter (dotted line), which gives the same suppression of the random error component as the optimal Gauss filter

Table. The minimum width of the peak at the base (in points), which provides an acceptable error of calculation depending on the method of parameter estimation

Author affiliation:

Ampersand Ltd., Moscow, Russia

 
Contacts: Kalambet Yuriy Anatol'evich, kalambet@ampersand.ru
Article received by the editorial office on 08.05.2019
Full text (In Russ.) >>

REFERENCES

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D. B. Arkhipov, A. L. Bulyanitsa, A. P. Shcherbakov

ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION IN THE JOURNALS
"NATURE" AND "SCIENCE" FOR 2001—2017.
WEBOMETRIC ANALYSIS

"Nauchnoe Priborostroenie", 2019, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 63—68.
doi: 10.18358/np-29-3-i6368
 

A webometric analysis of the journals Nature and Science for 2001—2017 was carried out. For each year selected 10 most cited articles. The number of links was determined by the Web of Science and Google Scholar. It was found that, of 170 articles, at least 85 are directly related to analytical instrumentation. The formal selection criterion was the presence in the article of the mention of any analytical instrument (for example, a sequencer). The dynamics of citing articles was also analyzed and an easily interpreted mathematical model of the citation process was proposed. The time dependence of the number of citations is adequately described by the product of the logistic dependence and a linearly decreasing function. The first factor is characteristic of any population process with restrictions. The second factor can be interpreted as the effect of the obsolescence of scientific information. The characteristic time interval for achieving zero citation for the group of publications in question is significantly less than for medium- and low-quoting articles in journals of the American Chemical Society.
 

Keywords: webometric analysis; highly cited publications; analytical instrumentation; citation dynamics; mathematical model; number of citations

Fig. Dynamics of annual number of citings Article [4]. On the abscissa axis – the year after publication, on the ordinate axis – the number of references

Table 1. The distribution of the citation level by year for two selected groups of publications (the most cited and the 10th by citation)

Table 2. Distribution of the number of articles by subject for different time periods

Authors affiliation:

Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

 
Contacts: Bulyanitsa Anton Leonidovich, antbulyan@yandex.ru
Article received by the editorial office on 20.05.2019
Full text (In Russ.) >>

REFERENCES

  1. Arkhipov D.B., Bulyanitsa A.L., Scherbakov A.P. [Webometrical analysys and its use for study of analytical instrumentation development trends]. Nauchnoe Priborostroenie [Scientific Instrumentation], 2014, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 52—60. URL: http://iairas.ru/en/mag/2014/abst2.php#abst7 (In Russ.).
  2. Van Noorden R., Maher B., Nuzzo R. The top 100 papers // Nature. 2014. Vol. 514, no. 7524. P. 550—553. DOI: 10.1038/514550a
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  4. Margulies M., Egholm M., Altman W.E. et al. Genome sequencinng in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors // Nature. 2005. Vol. 437. P. 376—380. DOI: 10.1038/nature03959
  5. Hindson B.J., Ness K.D., Masquelier D.A . et al. High-throughput droplet digital PCR system for absolute quantification of DNA copy number // Anal. Chem. 2011. Vol. 83, no. 22. P. 8604—8610. DOI: 10.1021/ac202028g
  6. Watson J.D. The human genome project: past, present, and future // Science. 1990. Vol. 248, no. 4951. P. 44—49. DOI: 10.1126/science.2181665
  7. Novoselov K.S. ,  Geim A.K. ,  Morozov S.V. , Jiang D. , Zhang Y. ,  Dubonos S.V. ,  Grigorieva I.V. ,  Firsov A.A. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films // Science. 2004. Vol. 306, no. 5696. P. 666—669. DOI: 10.1126/science.1102896
 

ANNIVERSARY OF LYDIA NIKOLAEVNA GALL,
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor

"Nauchnoe Priborostroenie", 2019, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 69—72.
doi: 10.18358/np-29-3-i6972
 

gall

 
Happy 85th birthday to the hero of the day, Lydia Nikolaevna Gall! Colleagues and the administration of IAP RAS, as well as numerous students and followers, all who has the happy opportunity of personal or indirect communication with her, congratulate her with the anniversary and wish her to continue to maintain her inherent optimism, a creative attitude to life and work, the attitude of a true worker and creator. We sincerely wish her many years of further fruitful work, success, health, joy and happiness, new outstanding scientific results.
 
Article received by the editorial office on 08.08.2019
Full text (In Russ.) >>

 

Monograph presentation

V. V. Sokolovsky

THIOL-DISULFIDE SYSTEM IN ORGANISM REACTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
(in Russ.)

"Nauchnoe Priborostroenie", 2019, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 73—76 (review of the book).
doi: 10.18358/np-29-3-i7376
The book contains a brief review of long-term experiments and clinical-laboratory investigations performed by the author and his co-workers with the aim of studying thiol-disulfide redox system in biochemical mechanism of living things interaction with the environment. The results suggest that this system is an important functional chain of nonspecific resistance mechanism and organism adaptation to a wide range of ecological factors both physical, chemical, and biological nature.
 

V. V. Sokolovsky/ Thiol-disulfide system in organism reaction to environmental factors

 
CONTENTS

The foreword

 5

Chapter 1.

A thiol-disulfide system in gears biological control

12

1.1.

Biothiols: phisical-chemical properties and biological activity

12

1.2.

Òhiol fibers. A thiol-disulfide redox-system and it a role during biological regulation

16

1.3.

A thiol-disulfide system in gears of a response organism on an operation of the factors of an environment. Free radical oxidation, oxidizing stress and antioxidant protection

24

Chapter 2.

A thiol-disulfide system in a response of an organism on an operation of the antropogeneous factors of an environment and in pathogenesis of somatic diseases of the person

29

2.1.

Experimental researches of influence physical, the chemical and biological factors on thiol-disulfide system of animal

29

2.2.

Clinical-laboratory researches of a condition of a thiol-disulfide system at somatic diseases

38

2.3.

Discussion of outcomes

42

Chapter 3.

A thiol-disulfide redox-system in the gear of a response of living organisms on the space geophysics factors

49

3.1.

Oxidation of thiols in aqueous solutions and a space physics fluctuations

49

3.2.

The space geophysics factors, with which correlate non-fermentative oxidizing reactions (in vitro)

63

3.3.

Thiols of living organisms and space geophysics fluctuations

70

3.4.

Discussion

78

The conclusion

92

List of the literature

96

 
The book is freely available on the Network, placed in 1 file (in Russian):
https://yadi.sk/i/C5p7YKWIdcGWr
 

Monograph presentation

B. G. Belenkii

HIGH-PERFORMANCE CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS
(in Russ.)

"Nauchnoe Priborostroenie", 2019, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 77—84 (review of the book).
doi: 10.18358/np-29-3-i7784

This book is a practical guide to capillary electrophoresis, a novel analytical technique with a high resolving power. Capillary electrophoresis combines the advantages of electrophoretic separation methods with the ability to automate the analysis and the simplicity of quantitation which are typical of high performance liquid chromatography.
Capillary electrophoresis combines fast analysis and efficient separation with wide applicability, making it one of the most advanced analytical techniques. This book covers the principles of capillary electrophoresis as a preferred method to analyze complex biological mixtures as well as some examples of specific analytical methods.
The book is aimed at experts working in the field of medical and biochemical analysis.
 

High-performance capillary electrophoresis

 
TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of abbreviations

7

Chapter 1.

METHOD OF HIGHLY EFFICIENT CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS (HECE)

9

I.

The place of HECE among analytical methods

9

II.

Physical basis of the method of HECE

17

 

II.1.

Electrophoresis

17

 

II.2.

Electrosmos

19

 

II.3.

Peculiarities of electrophoretic processes in variations of HECE

22

 

II.4.

Thermal effects in HECE

24

 

II.5.

Extra column band broadening

25

 

II.6.

Separation parameters

26

III.

Features of separation mechanisms in variations of the HECE method

27

IV.

Some methodological issues of HECE

31

 

IV.1

Device for capillary electrophoresis

31

 

IV.2.

Detection sensitivity

33

 

IV.3.

Sample preparation for capillary electrophoresis

34

 

IV.4.

Sample input

34

 

IV.5.

Detectors

36

Literature

40
 

Chapter 2.

METHODS OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

42

I.

Matrix effects and separation

42

II.

Capillary zone electrophoresis

43

 

II.1.

The ionic strength of the sample

45

 

II.2.

Proteins

45

 

II.3.

Hydrogen pH parameter

46

 

II.4.

Sample viscosity and volume

47

 

II.5.

Stacking and field injection

49

III.

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC)

56

 

III.1.

Sample volume and surfactant in electrophoretic buffer solution

57

 

III.2.

Surfactants and organic solvents in the sample

59

 

III.3.

Practical aspects and examples

60

IV.

Capillary ion electrophoresis

61

 

IV.1.

Parallel osmotic flow factor

62

 

IV.2.

The principle of detection based on the replacement of electrolyte coion

65

 

IV.3.

Methods of sample introduction

69

 

IV.4.

Examples

74

 

IV.5.

Modifiers of electroosmotic flow for anion analysis

83

 

IV.6.

CIE application

84

V.

Sample purification

87

 

V.1.

Dilution and direct injection of the sample

87

 

V.2.

Extraction, filtration and dialysis

89

 

V.3.

Deproteinization by organic solvents

91

VI.

Sample matrix and accuracy

92

 

VI.1.

Factors affecting the reproducibility of peak heights and the reproducibility of migration time

92

 

VI.2.

Practical aspects

93

VII.

Practical recommendations

94

 

VII.1.

Facilities required for the work

94

 

VII.2.

Capillary care and use

95

 

VII.3.

Electrolytes

96

Literature

97
 

Chapter 3.

METHODS OF DETECTION IN CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

102

Introduction

102

I.

Methods of optical detection for capillary electrophoresis

104

 

I.1.

General requirements for performance and design

104

 

I.2.

Direct and indirect detection

107

 

I.3.

Absorption detection

108

 

I.4.

Fluorescence detection

119

 

I.5.

Other methods of optical detection

133

II.

Electrochemical detection methods in ÍECE

139

 

II.1.

Potentiometric detection

139

 

II.2.

Conductivity detection

148

 

II.3.

Amperometric detection

156

Literature

161
 

Chapter 4.

APPLICATION OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS IN THE PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS

172

Introduction

172

I.

CE certification and sensitivity issues

174

 

I.1.

Analytical checks

174

 

I.2.

Sensitization

175

II.

Analysis of pharmaceutical products and the determination of impurities in them

179

 

II.1.

Analysis of the main components and determination of impurities

179

 

II.2.

Determination of counterions (ion analysis)

184

 

II.3.

Determination of physical and chemical properties

186

III.

Analysis of natural medicines

186

IV.

Separation of hydrophobic and / or electrically neutral drugs

188

 

IV.1.

Electrokinetic ñhromatography

188

 

IV.2.

Capillary electrochromatography of impurities

190

 

IV.3.

Anhydrous capillary electrophoresis

190

V.

Analysis of DNA and proteins

191

 

V.1.

DNA antisense

191

 

V.2.

Analysis of peptides and proteins

193

VI.

Enantiomeric separations

194

 

VI.1.

Selectors based on CDs and crown ethers

194

 

VI.2.

Selectors based on polysaccharides, antibiotics and proteins

196

 

VI.3.

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC)

197

Literature

198
 

Chapter 5.

CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS FOR ANALYSIS OF DRUG SUBSTANCE IN BIOLOGICAL LIQUIDS

211

Introduction

211

I.

Monitoring of drug substances in the treatment of the patient (MDS)

213

 

I.1.

Antiepileptic drugs

214

 

I.2.

Anti-asthma drugs

216

 

I.3.

Analgesics

217

 

I.4.

Immunosuppressive drugs

217

 

I.5.

Antidepressants

218

 

I.6.

Benzodiazepines

219

 

I.7.

Antibiotics and antimicrobials

219

 

I.8.

Antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive drugs

220

 

I.9.

Drugs that enhance kidney function

221

 

I.10.

Antineoplastic agents

222

II.

Metabolic studies

223

III.

Application in forensic medicine

229

 

III.1.

Emergency toxicology

229

 

III.2.

Determination of the availability of drugs

231

Literature

240
 

Chapter 6.

THE NEWEST METHODS OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

246

Introduction

246

I.

Microfluidic analytical systems (MFAS)

253

 

I.1.

Pumpless microfluidic devices

253

 

I.2.

Labs in chip format

256

 

I.3.

Analytical features of MFAS

259

 

I.4.

Design and manufacture of microfluidic chips

263

 

I.5.

Disadvantages of MFAS

271

 

I.6.

MFAS in the analysis of heterogeneous samples

272

 

I.7.

Recent achievements in ÌFAS

275

II.

Multicapillary electrophoresis (MÑEF)

281

 

II.1.

MCEF and DNA sequencing

281

 

II.2.

Detection systems in MCEF

288

 

II.3.

Methods for MÑEF optimization

297

 

II.4.

Perspectives of the MCEF

308

Literature

309

 
 The book is freely available on the Network, placed in 3 files (in Russian):

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Monograph presentation

L. N. Gall

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF FUNCTIONING OF A LIVE ORGANISM MATTER
(in Russ.)

"Nauchnoe Priborostroenie", 2019, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 85—92 (review of the book).
doi: 10.18358/np-29-3-i8592

The book works out basic principles of theoretical biology as a predictive theory that can interpret molecular processes in living cells and predict their results. It analyzes origins of failure in previous interpretations of physiological processes of the living substance by molecular biology, and shows that the main cause of such failure lies in the lack of knowledge of physical factors that regulate biochemical processes in the living substance. The book also shows what kind of “physics” is necessary to create physical models of the living substance and formulates the main criteria of the living matter. It studies principles of self-regulation of biochemical processes in a live cell, based on the physical model of the energy flow along biopolymer chains and its inter-molecular migration on crystal structures of water. The book shows that self-regulation happens in resonance processes that involve coherent energy in the form of photons (solitons) with the obligatory participation of the earth's magnetic field.
Four biophysical problems that so far have received no reasonable interpretation are been studied in the book which suggests suitable physical models for each of them and explains the observed effects.
 

L.N. Gall. Physical principles of functioning of a live organism matter

 
BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword

5

INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK

10

 
Part I
REPRESENTATIONS OF THE LIVING SYSTEM AND FUNCTIONING OF A LIVING ORGANISM IN MODERN BIOLOGY. REASONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE INSUFFICIENCY OF THE MODERN MODEL OF THE LIVING CELL

INTRODUCTION TO PART I

19

Chapter 1.

DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR REPRESENTATIONS IN BIOLOGY

25

Chapter 2.

WHAT BIOLOGY DISCOVERED, DID, RESEARCHED AND RESEARCHES
(biochemical model of the matter of a living organism)

 
38

Chapter 3.

WHAT DOES BIOLOGY STILL FAIL TO DO AND WHY?

82

Chapter 4.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM OF CREATION OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY

122

SUMMARY OF THE MAIN CONTENT OF PART I OF THE BOOK

139

 
Part II
PHYSICAL BASIS AND ANALYSIS OF PRINCIPLES OF FUNCTIONING OF THE MATTER OF A LIVING ORGANISM

INTRODUCTION TO PART II

145

Chapter 5.

THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES AND REGULARITIES UNDERLYING THE FUNCTIONING OF THE MATTER OF A LIVING ORGANISM

 
147

Chapter 6.

MATTER "LIVING" AND "NON LIVING". PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF FUNCTIONING OF "LIVING" MATTER

 
191

SUMMARY OF THE MAIN CONTENT OF PART II OF THE BOOK

245

List of references of parts I and II of the book

256

 
Part III
SOME EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF SUPERWEAK FACTORS PERFORMANCE AND THEIR PHYSICAL MODELS

INTRODUCTION TO PART III

265

Chapter 7.

ANOMALOUS BIOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SOLUTIONS AT ULTRAHIGH DILUTIONS

 
268

List of references of Chapter 7

294

Chapter 8.

ON THE EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (EMFs) ON LIVING ORGANISMS. NON-LINEAR EFFECTS OF EMFs AT ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY

 
296

List of references of Chapter 8

328

Chapter 9.

THE EFFECT OF COSMOPHYSICAL FACTORS ON LIVING ORGANISMS

332

List of references of Chapter 9

342

Chapter 10.

DNA AND SUPERWEAK EFFECTS

344

List of references of Chapter 10

380

CONCLUSION OF THE BOOK

384

APPENDIX

390

CONTENT

393

 
 The book is freely available on the Network, placed in 5 file (in Russian):

   https://yadi.sk/i/zGiCxhlxdcGct
   https://yadi.sk/i/Qswz8byHdcGoM
   https://yadi.sk/i/UsoL3IXNdcGr8
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content: Valery D. Belenkov design: Banu S. Kuspanova layout: Anton V. Manoilov