Molecular colony technique is one of the sensitive methods of genetic analysis. This technique was implemented on a planar microchip device with array of reaction chambers. The errors of analysis related to the distribution of molecular colonies in the reaction chamber are discussed. An approach based on order statistics is described in the paper. It provides two estimates of the measure of uniform distribution, that are analogues of basic concepts in statistics: point maximum likelihood estimates and interval estimates. Usefulness of this approach was illustrated by analysis of images, gets with cytokeratin’s transcripts (CK-19) determination in sample.

REFERENСES

1. M. Nygren (2000): Molecular Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases. Department of Biotechnology, Royal Insti-tute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden. ISBN 91-7170-504-X.
2. Vogelstein B., Kinzler K.W. Digital PCR. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, vol. 96, pp. 9 236–9 241.
3. Mitra R.D., Church G.M. In situ localized amplification and contact replication of many individual DNA molecules. Nucleic Acids Res., 1999, vol. 27, no. 24, p. e34.
4. Chetverin A.B., Chetverina H.V., Munishkin A.V. On the nature of spontaneous RNA synthesis by Q repli-case. J. Mol. Biol., 1991, vol. 222, pp. 3–9.
5. Chetverin A.B., Chetverina H.V. Method for amplifi-cation of nucleic acids in solid media and its applica-tion for nucleic acid cloning and diagnostics. 1999. U.S. Patent 5,958,698.
6. Chetverin A.B., Chetverina H.V. Solid medium for amplification and expression of nucleic acids as colo-nies. 1999. U.S. Patent 6,001,568.
7. Tupik A.N., Evstrapov A.A., Rudnitskaya G.E., Luka-shenko T.A. Design reaction chamber for digital PCR in gel. CD of extended abstracts of 2nd International conference "Implementation of Microreactor Technol-ogy in Biotechnology&auot;, 5–8.05.2013, Cavtat, Croatia. p. 79.
8. Easley C.J., Legendre L.A., Landers J.P., Ferrance J.P. Rapid DNA amplification in glass microdevices. Me-thods Mol. Biol., 2006, vol. 339, pp. 217–732.
9. Cook L.M., Stokowski S.E. Filter materials. Handbook of laser Science and Technology. CRC press, Boca Raton, 1995. vol. IV: Optical Materials, part 2, p. 151

¹Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS, Saint-Petersburg
²National Research University Saint-Petersburg State Polytechnical University
³ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg
⁴Saint-Petersburg Academic University — Nanotechnology Research and Education Center RAS
Contacts: Bulyanitsa Anton Leonidovich, antbulyan@yandex.ru

The paper presents an overview of the main expressions, allowing to carry out mathematical modeling of complex problems of electrochemistry in general and electrokinetic problems in particular in conditions of interdependence presented in different physical fields.

Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS, Saint-Petersburg
Contacts: Sharfarets Boris Pinkusovich, sharb@mail.ru

We put the problem of modeling in the electrostatic approximation of the dynamics of the electrical double layer in electrokinetic processes in conditions of non-equilibrium state of the ions’ flow. It is the necessity of replacing of the Poisson—Boltzmann equation by the solution of the Neumann’s boundary problem for the Poisson equation in the general system of related equations which describe the electrokinetic process as a whole. In this work we considered the problem for a simple layer without account of bulk density of the charges. The required facts from potential theory are presented. The full solution of the problem will be presented in the next part of the work.

REFERENСES

1. Bruus H. Theoretical Microfluidics. Oxford University Press, 2008. 346 p.

Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS, Saint-Petersburg, RF

Generalization of transformation of Hilbert, determined as the self-weighted transformation of Hilbert and which arises up at description physical distribution of signal and reflection of him from borders, is considered in the real article. Properties of this transformation are studied. The concept of analytical signal is adapted to the self-weighted transformation of Hilbert. As classic transformation of Hilbert appears as the special case of this transformation. Intercommunication of coefficients of the generalized transformation of Hilbert is found with properties of environment.

Saint-Petersburg State University, RF
Contacts: Butyrsky Evgeniy Yur'evich, evgenira88@mail.ru

The aim of this work is to show the possibilities of mathematical image processing algorithms for constructing three-dimensional models of metal structures using statistical parameters of two-dimensional images. The objects of investigation were several metal samples submitted in the form of polyhedra. Studying these metallic samples allowed to test a method of restoring the three-dimensional structure on two-dimensional images of three planar slices obtained technology training microsections.

REFERENСES

1. Grain Analysis. URL: (http://gwyddion.net/documentation/user-guide-en/grain-analysis.html). Grain Size Analysis in Metals and Alloys.
2. URL:(http://www.olympus-ims.com/ru/applications/grain-size-analysis/).
3. Diógenes A.N., Hoff E.A., Fernandes C.P. Grain size measurement by image analysis: An application in the ceramic and in the metallic industries // 18th Interna-tional Congress of Mechanical Engineering, November 6–11, 2005, Ouro Preto, MG. URL: (http://www.lmpt.ufsc.br/publicacao/119.pdf).

¹ITMO UNIVERSITY, Saint-Petersburg, RF
²Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS, Saint-Petersburg, RF
Contacts: Manoylov Vladimir Vladimirovich, manoilov_vv@mail.ru

A contribution is investigating of nanosize clusters to absorption of electromagnetic radiation of microwave spectral range by amorphous carbon modified with cobalt. To this end a modification by thermal annealing of pair of nanosize fragments of graphene planes intercalated with cobalt was studied. The study was performed by Car—Parrinello molecular dynamics. It was found that atoms of cobalt have trend to coagulate in a spherical drop enveloping by a carbon cage forming as a result of transformation of graphene planes under influence of temperature. Estimation was performed of absorbance of such clusters and it is shown that metallic nanoparticles of two types embedded in amorphous carbon might be responsible for absorption of the microwave electromagnetic radiation: flat discs and needles.

REFERENСES

1. Lutsev L.V., Yakovlev S.V., Zvonareva T.K. et al. Mi-crowave properties of granular amorphous carbon films with cobalt nanoparticles. Journal of Applied Physics, 2005, vol. 97, no. 10, рp. 104327-1–104327-6.
2. Kozyrev S.V., Ivanov-Omskii V.I., Yastrebov S.G. et al. Carbon encapsulation of magnetic metal nanopar-ticles: correlation between nanoscale structure of car-bon matrix and electromagnetic properties. Nanosys-tems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2014, vol. 5, no. 1, рp. 192–194.
3. Car R., Parrinello M. Unified approach for molecular dynamics and density-functional theory. Physical Re-view Letters, 1985, vol. 55, рp. 2471–2474.
4. Nose S.J. A unified formulation of the constant tem-perature molecular-dynamics methods. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1984, vol. 81, no. 1, рp. 511–519.
5. Foiles C.L. 4.2 Drude parameters of pure metals. Elec-trical Resistivity, Thermoelectrical Power and Optical Properties, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 1985, рр. 212–222.
6. Ivanov-Omskii V.I., Tolmatchev A.V., Yastrebov S.G. Optical absorption of amorphous carbon doped with copper. Philosophical Magazine B, 1996, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 715–722.

¹Ioffe Physical Technical Institute of the RAS, Saint-Petersburg, RF
²Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
Contacts: Yastrebov Sergey Gur'evich, Yastrebov@mail.ioffe.ru

There is analytical approach for estimate of spectral distribution of mobility of atmospheric particles considered in the article. The known laboratory practice of the analysis of ranges with use of volt-ampere characteristics of aspiration counters is taken as a basis. Because at such measurements there is no statistical material (sampling), the expedient assumption concerning nature of function of distribution becomes. As the most general analytical form of function of density of probability gamma distribution is chosen. Values of electric charge and mobility of particles in the range from 0.001 to 1.46 cm²·V^-1·s^-1 are proved and systematized. The analytical receptions allowing to determine distribution parameters on the basis of the volt-ampere characteristic are proved.

REFERENСES

1. Reist P.C. Introduction to aerosol science. McMillan Publ. Company, NY, 1984.
2. Kirsch A.A., Zagnit’ko A.V. Diffusion charging of submicrometer aerosol particles by unipolar ions. J. Colloid Interface Science, 1981, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 111–117.
3. Knutson E.O., Whitby K.T. Aerosol classification by electric mobility: Apparatus, theory, and applications. J. Aerosol Sci., 1975, no. 6, pp. 443–451.
4. URL: (www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/instruments/aerosol/differential/schem_DMPS/index.html).
5. URL: (www.iac.ethz.ch/edu/courses/master/lab_fiel_work/atmospheric_physics_lab_work/DMPS_en.pdf).
6. Laakso L., Gagne S., Petäja T. et al. Detecting charging state of ultra-fine particles: instrumental development and ambient measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2007, vol. 7, pp. 1333–1345.

State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Saint-Petersburg, RF
Contacts: Varekhov Aleksey Grigorevich, varekhov@mail.ru

This article describes the results of an experimental study of the hydrodynamic modes of two phase flows in microreactor mixers — dispersers with coaxial and coaxial-spherical shapes. The maps of flow regimes in a channel with a diameter of 2 mm equipped with such mixers has been plotted and rebuild. Corrected map which takes into account geometrical properties of coaxial-spherical mixer (disperser) coincides quite good with the same for the coaxial mixer. The results obtained here are compared with data from previous studies of classical mixers.

REFERENСES

1. Pohorecki R., Sobieszuk P., Kula K. et al. Hydrody-namic regimes of gas—liquid flow in a microreactor channel. Chem. Eng. J., 2008, vol. 135, supplement 1, pp. S185–S190.
2. Pohorecki R., Kula K. Simple mechanism of bubble and slug formation in Taylor flow in microchannels. Chem. Eng. Res. and Design., 2008, vol. 86, pp. 997–1001.
3. Kashid M.N., Agar D.W. Hydrodynamics of liquid—liquid slug flow capillary microreactor: Flow regimes, slug size, and pressure drop. Chem. Eng. J., 2007, vol. 131, pp. 1–13.
4. Abiev R.S. Bubbles velocity, Taylor circulation rate and mass transfer model for slug flow in milli and mi-cro channels. Chem. Eng. J., 2013, vol. 227, pp. 66–79.
5. Chen L., Tian Y.S., Karayiannis T.G. The effect of tube diameter on vertical two-phase flow regimes in small tubes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer., 2006, vol. 49, pp. 4 220–4 230.
6. Kashid M.N., Kowaliński W., Renken A. et al. Analy-tical method to predict two-phase flow pattern in hori-zontal micro-capillaries. Chem. Eng. Sci., 2012, vol. 74, pp. 219–232.
7. Zhao T.S. Co-current air-water two-phase flow pat-terns invertical triangular microchannels. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 2001, vol. 27, pp. 765–782.
8. Vaillancourt M.P. et al. Two-phase flow transitions in microchannels. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, 2004, Yokohama, Japan, 30.05–04.06.2004, Paper no. 181.
9. Triplett K.A., Ghiaasiaan S.M., Abdel-Khalik S.I., Sa-dowski D.L. Gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchan-nels. Part I: two-phase flow patterns. Int. J. Multi-phase Flow, 1999, vol. 25, pp. 377–394.
10. Fukano T. et al. Flow patterns and pressure drop in iso-thermal gas-liquid coccurent flowin a horizontal capil-lary tube. ANS Proceedings of the National Heat Transfer Conference: Technical Session, 1989, pp. 153–161.

Saint-Petersburg State Technological Institute, RF
Contacts: Abiev Rufat Shovketovich, rufat.abiev@gmail.com

The results of creation of the prototype glass-polymeric microfluidic chip for rapid analysis of bio-molecules by electrophoresis are discussed. As the main material was used the polydimethylsiloxane Sylgard 184, in which was formed a network of microchannels by soft lithography. Are discussed the results obtained after different methods of physico-chemical treatment of the working surfaces of the channels of the microfluidic chips and the estimated effect of processing methods on the electroosmotic flow. Microfluidic chips was tested at the electrophoretic separation of a mixture of oligonucleotides 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 bases. Based on the electrophoregrams analysis a model of information signals (peaks) and noise was proposed. The basic theoretical principles that define the mechanism of convective-diffusive transport of the mixture components were checked.

REFERENСES

1. Xia Y., Whitesides G.M. Soft lithography. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1998, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 550–575.
2. Rogers J.A., Nuzzo R.G. Recent progress in soft lithography. Materials Today, 2005, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 50–56.
3. Duffy D.C., McDonald J.C., Schueller O.J.A., Whitesides G.M. Rapid prototyping of microfluidic systems in poly(dimethylsiloxane). Anal. Chem.,1998, vol. 70, pp. 4974–4984.
4. Li Y., Qi W. Microfluidic chip-based technologies: emerging platforms for cancer diagnosis. BMC Biotechnology, 2013, vol. 13, no. 76, p. 10.
5. Chen X., Zeng H. PMMA microfluidic chips made by hot embossing/bonding for optimizing the flow in electro-phoresis separation. Micro and Nanosystems, 2013, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 231–236.
6. Magargle R., Hoburg J.F., Mukherjee T. An injector component model for complete microfluidic electrokinetic separation system. NSTI-Nanotech., 2004, vol. 1, pp. 77–80.
7. Kim P., Kwon K.W., Park M.C. et al. Soft lithography for microfluidics: a review. Biochip Journal, 2008, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–11.
8. Wu D., Luo Y., Zhou X. et al. Multilayer poly(vinyl alcohol)-adsorbed coating on poly(dimethylsiloxane) micro-fluidic chips for biopolymer separation. Electrophoresis, 2005, vol. 26, pp. 211–218.
9. Pinto S., Alves P., Matos C.M. et al. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) surface modification by low pressure plasma to im-prove its characteristics towards biomedical applications. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2010, vol. 81, pp. 20–26.
10. Huang X., Gordon M.J., Zare R.N. Current-monitoring method for measuring the electroosmotic flow rate in capil-lary zone electrophoresis. Analytical Chemistry, 1988, vol. 60, pp. 1837–1838.
11. Heller C. Influence of electric field strength and capillary dimensions on the separation of DNA. Electrophoresis, 2000, vol. 21, pp. 593–602.
12. Hiemenz P.C., Rajagopalan R. Principles of colloid and surfaces chemistry, 3rd eds. Marcel Dekker, NY., 1997.
13. Hu Y., Werner C., Li D. Electrokinetic transport through rough microchannels. Anal. Chem., 2003, vol. 75, pp. 5747–5758.
14. Xuan X., Sinton D., Li D. Thermal end effects on electroosmotic flow in capillary. Int. J. of Heat and Mass trans-fer, 2004, vol. 47, pp. 3145–3157.
15. Burgreen D., Nakache F.R. Electrokinetic flow in ultrafine capillary slits. J. Phys. Chem., 1964, vol. 68, pp. 1084–1091.
16. Takahashi T., Gill W.N. Hydrodynamic chromatography: three dimensional laminar dispersion in rectangular con-duits with transverse flow. Chem. Eng. Commun., 1980, vol. 5, pp. 367–385.

¹Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of RAS, Saint-Petersburg, RF
²Saint-Petersburg Academic University — Nanotechnology Research and Education Center RAS, RF
³ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, RF
⁴Saint-Petersburg State Polytechnical University, RF
Contacts: Posmitnaya Yana Stanislavovna, posmitnaya@rambler.ru

The description of a two-parameter sensor, which is able to measure pressure and temperature was presented. This sensor was developed by the authors of the paper based on thin-film baroresistor made of samarium monosulfide placed on a glass substrate and асhromel-alumel thermocouple. The sensor operates at temperatures of (–60)÷(+40) °С and pressures up to 70 MPa, has a speed of 0.1 s, has the area of volumetric strain measurements localization ~ 1 mm³, is stable while being placed in concrete for more than 3 years. The sensor is designed for measurements in wet particulate media (concrete, soil, etc.). The measurements in the stiffening concrete and ground at the temperature range of (+ 20)÷(–50) °С were conducted to illustrate the capability of the sensor.

¹Institute of Physical-Technical problems of the North, SB RAS, Yakutsk, RF
²Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of RAS, Saint-Petersburg, RF
Contacts: Stepanov Nikolay Nikolaevich, stnick@hotbox.ru

The monitoring method for the botanical garden greenhouses soil moisture has been proposed, that are specific to the botanical garden greenhouses (black earth with loose masonry grains). The implementation of this method has improved the soil moisture analysis efficiency by 2–4 times in comparison with existing analogues. In order to implement the proposed method the model sample of the meter has been designed and its basic metrological characteristics have been determined: the main absolute error — no more than ±1.4 %; the additional absolute error — no more than ±3 %; the total absolute error — no more than ±5 % in the working range of the moisture from 30 to 90 %. Established metrological characteristics of the developed meter prototype satisfy re¬gulatory requirements. The theoretical and practical results of the researches give an effective set of measuring tools in the industrial botany and plant breeding.

REFERENСES

1. Kirkham M.B. Principles of soil and plant water rela-tions. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005. 519 p.

Donetsk National Technical University, Ukraine
Contacts: Laktionov Ivan Sergeevich, ivanlaktionov88@mail.ru

NUMBER 1

"The works of prof. Yu. K. Golikov school"

THE ACTUAL RETRO-PUBLICATIONS pp. 5–26
THE WORKS CONNECTED WITH DIRECT PARTICIPATION OF YU. K. GOLIKOV pp. 27–67
THE WORKS DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF YU. K. GOLIKOV pp. 68–151
MISCELLANEOUS pp. 152–156

NUMBER 2

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF INSTRUMENT MAKING pp. 5–51
SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF MEASURING DEVICES AND TECHNIQUES pp. 52–97
INSTRUMENT MAKING FOR BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE pp. 98–122
PERSONNEL pp. 123–124

NUMBER 3

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF INSTRUMENT MAKING pp. 3–48
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS AND MODELLING IN INSTRUMENT MAKING pp. 49–91
EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS pp. 92–104

NUMBER 4

MATHEMATICAL METHODS AND MODELLING IN INSTRUMENT MAKING pp. 3–58
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF INSTRUMENT MAKING pp. 59–76
EQUIPMENTS AND SYSTEMS pp. 77–87
Volume 24 table of contents, pp. 88–95
The author's index of volume 24, p. 96